Why is paradigm shift important

Generally, the management should also incorporate a way of studying the effects of the environmental trends on the market for both products and human resources. A forecast on the direction of the trends in the future would also be important as well as the analysis of the momentum of the products and business amid the environmental trends. Moreover, the management should devise an ingenious way of analyzing the new opportunities that would likely be provided by the trends.

What has become common sense or second nature to scientists now is the action to develop a new theory from a failed attempt with an older theory.

When working with science one is to expect such failure to occur quite often. These crises offer the opportunity to the scientists to rethink and reorganize. Following its emergence, Kuhn gives us a response to crises. He wants us to assume that a crises is a precondition, as he puts it, for the emergence of novel theories and ask how scientists react to these theories.

It means there is not a gradual change but a revolution emerges and it results in change of ideas. His view is that knowledge advances when one theory is replaced by another as particular researcher attacks the credibility of an existing paradigm. It begins a crisis. Each group tries to argue in favour of their own paradigm and this revolution is strongly resisted by the established community.

Kuhn compares scientific revolution to political revolution. Unfreezing involves diminishing the current state of status quo to establish the new desired state. This is the most difficult stage of change. The leader must challenge the current beliefs and behavior of the organization, while at the same time projecting the future. His book is a collection of case studies and essays that argue for a radical approach to the past.

I had originally planned to enter a field in science, despite my passion for history and the Humanities. In an age where the college degree had lost its traditional value, STEM fields seemed to me like the only practical route to success. Essays Essays FlashCards. Publishing contacts. Social Media Overview. Terms and Conditions. Privacy Statement. Login to my Brill account Create Brill Account. Author: Mihyeon Kim. Login via Institution.

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Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Inclusive Education. Table of Contents. Sign in to annotate. Delete Cancel Save. Cancel Save. View Expanded. View Table. View Full Size. Corporate Social Responsibility. These issues, probably engaged in the collective effects of charge carriers in different systems under different conditions, would vary with specific modes of carrier motion in specific systems and conditions, and the perspective of complex systems should be adopted in research, as discussed in [ 1 ].

An object, man-made or natural at different levels, is composed of hierarchical elements also systems at the adjacent levels under certain circumstances. Therefore, the study in materials science needs to be hierarchical and to focus on the collective effects and system attributes of the elements at each level.

In other words, it needs to clarify the changes in the environmental conditions of elements and systems during the formation of materials and to reveal the laws governing the collective behaviors of various elements at relevant levels. In particular, the changes in material structures triggered by system variations and the interdependence between levels are important. As the core of all industrial processes, materials processing and service provide energy, devices, tools, and other necessities for human beings.

It is also common in the natural environments where human beings live, and the key to the utilization of natural resources and prevention of disasters. How to perceive the dynamic structural changes in the processing and service of materials at all levels in order to optimize the performance of the products or enhance understanding of nature is always the core scientific issue underlying various types of manufacturing and relevant disciplines of natural sciences.

Unlike the material structures elaborated in the above category, the external effects introduced by different modes of actions, such as mechanical, electrical, physical, and chemical treatments, often become the dominant factors.

From laboratory processing to mass production, the complexity of the interaction between materials in different ways is always a big challenge. The evolutionary laws of various types of dynamic structures and their effects on product performance should also be studied along with the interaction between elements, system behavior, environmental conditions, dominant mechanisms, and other aspects of various levels of systems and elements.

Apart from the genetic information, life systems share the same multilevel characteristics and similar laws of dynamic evolution with material systems. The dynamic changes of small molecules, biomacromolecules, cells, organs, and organisms at other levels in specific in vivo environments are of great significance to life and health. In particular, the structural and functional changes caused by the interaction of different levels and in vivo environmental changes should be the core of life systems.

Issues to be addressed include: how to correctly identify different levels, whether immune mechanisms and metabolic processes can be explained from this mesoscience perspective, whether a spatiotemporal alternation between normality and lesions during the transition from normal cells to cancerous cells does exist, and how to regulate the in vivo environment to make the alternating pattern return to the normal state. The principles of the first three categories of issues may apply equally to this category.

The crosscutting interaction of the neurology, brain science, and information science will contribute to the advent of the age of intelligence. The peripheral nervous system acts as a perceptual system and the brain acts as the primary central system for analysing perceptual information.

The relationship between the two parts is similar to that of the input, calculation, and output functions of a computing system. Therefore, revealing the multilevel features, especially the mechanisms at each level in processing signals and how different levels relate to each other and transmit information, is the key to cognitive science that is related to life science but focuses on information. The impact of external conditions on this process and the consequent changes of modes are certainly factors that must be considered from the perspective of a complex system, as mesoscales are the paths to breakthroughs.

All of the above five categories of issues belong to the domain of complex systems. When these problems are solved, empirical evidence will be generated for the common principles of complex systems. In the meantime, the implicit law of big data in engineering is also derived from the complex systems involved and the revelation of this law will provide physical logic for the development of artificial intelligence.

The crosscutting convergence of these aspects will greatly expand the human knowledge systems. In other words, the development of artificial intelligence should focus on the mechanisms of human intelligent activities and the logics underlying complex systems data with emphasis on the possible commonalities between these two aspects.

Breakthroughs in these fields may not only lay the scientific foundation for a new generation of artificial intelligence [ 3 ], but also play an important role in exploring future information technologies such as network, computation, and information security of the next generation. The breakthrough of the above six categories of issues will help to clarify the common physical logic that the complex world should follow and will also provide a scientific basis for the establishment of a computing paradigm that conforms to the physical logic of the computed object, thus boosting the development of computational science.

In return, the logic of computational science should comply with the laws of cognitive science. The key is that a common logic—the logic of complex systems—should be adopted.

The establishment of a computing system based on the common logic of the computed objects should be an important direction for future development and the high efficiency of computing systems should be pursued through multilevel and multiscale physical logic and human cognitive laws. Handling global climate change needs to understand and regulate the material world on a mega scale.

The principles and methods involved in solving the above seven categories of issues are equally helpful to the study of the climate system. In order to achieve major breakthroughs, the concepts of hierarchy, system, environment, and dominant mechanism should be defined and paid attention to, and the structural dynamic changes should be taken into account. For example, the model of climate prediction should be transformed from the average grid into a structured grid, thus leading to desirable forecasting capability.

The simple coarse-graining is therefore inadequate. How to build and process structured grids at different levels based on physical mechanisms is a challenge that has yet to be tackled.