What do piperazines do

According to animal studies, its effects are less potent than amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA [10]. In New Zealand, toxic seizures and respiratory acidosis after the use of BZP alone or in conjunction with other drugs were reported from three patients [13].

Another study of 61 patients reported toxic effects of BZP, with two cases presenting life-threatening toxicity [14]. Hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis and renal failure associated with BZP ingestion have also been reported [15].

In the United Kingdom, self-terminating grand mal seizures [16] after the use of BZP have also been reported [17]. Several fatal cases involving piperazines use were reported in Europe. While reported effects of m CPP include serotonin syndrome, no fatal poisonings from m CPP have been reported so far [20].

A and A. Are entactogens a new class of psychoactive agents? Piperazine belongs to the family of medicines called anthelmintics. Anthelmintics are used in the treatment of worm infections. All rights reserved. Information is for End User's use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes.

Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. The suggestion that BZP and other piperazine derivatives are extracted from the pepper plant may arise from confusion with the unrelated substance piperine, a constituent of black pepper Piper nigrum.

Both are commercially available. Similar positional isomers occur with the other substituted phenylpiperazines. Piperazine derivatives are usually found in illicit dosage forms as either tablets or capsules, but loose powders also occur. Solutions are encountered less frequently.

There are no licensed medicinal products in the EU containing BZP or any of the other substances considered here. After a dose of 50— mg in human volunteers, BZP was found to increase pulse rate, blood pressure systolic and diastolic and pupillary dilation. In a New Zealand Household survey, 2, people aged between 13 and 45 years were questioned regarding their use of BZP and related substances.

Psychological problems experienced were in order of frequency : trouble sleeping, loss of energy, strange thoughts, mood swings, confusion and irritability. There have been a few instances of fatalities involving BZP, but in none was BZP the immediate cause of death, and all of these instances involved other drugs. Animal studies have demonstrated that BZP stimulates the release and inhibits the reuptake of dopamine , serotonin and noradrenaline.

These systems are prone to genetic polymorphisms, so potential inter-individual differences may occur. Following oral administration of m CPP to healthy human male volunteers, the elimination half-life ranges from 2. In rats, m CPP is extensively metabolised by hydroxlation of the aromatic ring and, to a lesser extent, by degradation of the piperazine ring to produce hydroxy- m CPP two isomers , N - 3-chlorophenyl ethylenediamine, 3-chloroaniline and hydroxychloroaniline two isomers.

Physiological and subjective effects reach their peak 1 to 2 hours after oral administration and can last 4 to 8 hours. The negative effects of m CPP, often typical of a serotonin syndrome, include anxiety, dizziness, confusion, shivering, sensitivity to light and noise, fear of losing control, migraine and panic attacks.

No fatal poisonings from m CPP have been reported. BZP has been available from retail chemical suppliers and there have been no reports of illicit synthesis. It can be manufactured by reacting piperazine monohydrochloride with benzyl chloride.

The latter precursor is readily available, and piperazine monohydrochloride is easily produced from the commercially-available salts. It is known that 1,4-dibenzylpiperazine DBZP can be formed as a side-product in this reaction. There are several routes to the synthesis of m CPP, the most common of which is the reaction of diethanolamine with m-chloroaniline. Other methods involve the reaction of m-chloroaniline with bis 2-chloroethyl amine or the reaction of piperazine with m-dichlorobenzene.

The other two isomers of CPP could be made in a similar way. It is unlikely that the m CPP found in illicit products has been synthesised in clandestine laboratories since it is available commercially as the base or as the hydrochloride salt.

Consumption of BZP and other piperazine derivatives is mainly by ingestion. On rare occasions BZP has been injected or snorted insufflated. Alternative chemical names for BZP include 1-benzyl-1,4-diazacyclohexane, N -benzylpiperazine and, less precisely, benzylpiperazine.